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18 KiB
Markdown
571 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
# qs <sup>[![Version Badge][2]][1]</sup>
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[![Build Status][3]][4]
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[![dependency status][5]][6]
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[![dev dependency status][7]][8]
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[![License][license-image]][license-url]
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[![Downloads][downloads-image]][downloads-url]
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[![npm badge][11]][1]
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A querystring parsing and stringifying library with some added security.
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Lead Maintainer: [Jordan Harband](https://github.com/ljharb)
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The **qs** module was originally created and maintained by [TJ Holowaychuk](https://github.com/visionmedia/node-querystring).
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## Usage
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```javascript
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var qs = require('qs');
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var assert = require('assert');
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var obj = qs.parse('a=c');
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assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'c' });
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var str = qs.stringify(obj);
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assert.equal(str, 'a=c');
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```
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### Parsing Objects
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[](#preventEval)
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```javascript
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qs.parse(string, [options]);
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```
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**qs** allows you to create nested objects within your query strings, by surrounding the name of sub-keys with square brackets `[]`.
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For example, the string `'foo[bar]=baz'` converts to:
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```javascript
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assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar]=baz'), {
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foo: {
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bar: 'baz'
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}
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});
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```
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When using the `plainObjects` option the parsed value is returned as a null object, created via `Object.create(null)` and as such you should be aware that prototype methods will not exist on it and a user may set those names to whatever value they like:
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```javascript
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var nullObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { plainObjects: true });
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assert.deepEqual(nullObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });
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```
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By default parameters that would overwrite properties on the object prototype are ignored, if you wish to keep the data from those fields either use `plainObjects` as mentioned above, or set `allowPrototypes` to `true` which will allow user input to overwrite those properties. *WARNING* It is generally a bad idea to enable this option as it can cause problems when attempting to use the properties that have been overwritten. Always be careful with this option.
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```javascript
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var protoObject = qs.parse('a[hasOwnProperty]=b', { allowPrototypes: true });
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assert.deepEqual(protoObject, { a: { hasOwnProperty: 'b' } });
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```
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URI encoded strings work too:
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```javascript
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assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('a%5Bb%5D=c'), {
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a: { b: 'c' }
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});
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```
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You can also nest your objects, like `'foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'`:
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```javascript
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assert.deepEqual(qs.parse('foo[bar][baz]=foobarbaz'), {
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foo: {
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bar: {
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baz: 'foobarbaz'
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}
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}
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});
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```
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By default, when nesting objects **qs** will only parse up to 5 children deep. This means if you attempt to parse a string like
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`'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j'` your resulting object will be:
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```javascript
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var expected = {
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a: {
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b: {
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c: {
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d: {
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e: {
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f: {
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'[g][h][i]': 'j'
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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};
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var string = 'a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j';
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assert.deepEqual(qs.parse(string), expected);
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```
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This depth can be overridden by passing a `depth` option to `qs.parse(string, [options])`:
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```javascript
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var deep = qs.parse('a[b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]=j', { depth: 1 });
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assert.deepEqual(deep, { a: { b: { '[c][d][e][f][g][h][i]': 'j' } } });
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```
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The depth limit helps mitigate abuse when **qs** is used to parse user input, and it is recommended to keep it a reasonably small number.
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For similar reasons, by default **qs** will only parse up to 1000 parameters. This can be overridden by passing a `parameterLimit` option:
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```javascript
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var limited = qs.parse('a=b&c=d', { parameterLimit: 1 });
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assert.deepEqual(limited, { a: 'b' });
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```
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To bypass the leading question mark, use `ignoreQueryPrefix`:
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```javascript
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var prefixed = qs.parse('?a=b&c=d', { ignoreQueryPrefix: true });
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assert.deepEqual(prefixed, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });
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```
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An optional delimiter can also be passed:
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```javascript
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var delimited = qs.parse('a=b;c=d', { delimiter: ';' });
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assert.deepEqual(delimited, { a: 'b', c: 'd' });
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```
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Delimiters can be a regular expression too:
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```javascript
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var regexed = qs.parse('a=b;c=d,e=f', { delimiter: /[;,]/ });
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assert.deepEqual(regexed, { a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' });
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```
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Option `allowDots` can be used to enable dot notation:
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```javascript
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var withDots = qs.parse('a.b=c', { allowDots: true });
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assert.deepEqual(withDots, { a: { b: 'c' } });
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```
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If you have to deal with legacy browsers or services, there's
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also support for decoding percent-encoded octets as iso-8859-1:
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```javascript
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var oldCharset = qs.parse('a=%A7', { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
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assert.deepEqual(oldCharset, { a: '§' });
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```
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Some services add an initial `utf8=✓` value to forms so that old
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Internet Explorer versions are more likely to submit the form as
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utf-8. Additionally, the server can check the value against wrong
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encodings of the checkmark character and detect that a query string
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or `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` body was *not* sent as
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utf-8, eg. if the form had an `accept-charset` parameter or the
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containing page had a different character set.
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**qs** supports this mechanism via the `charsetSentinel` option.
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If specified, the `utf8` parameter will be omitted from the
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returned object. It will be used to switch to `iso-8859-1`/`utf-8`
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mode depending on how the checkmark is encoded.
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**Important**: When you specify both the `charset` option and the
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`charsetSentinel` option, the `charset` will be overridden when
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the request contains a `utf8` parameter from which the actual
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charset can be deduced. In that sense the `charset` will behave
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as the default charset rather than the authoritative charset.
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```javascript
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var detectedAsUtf8 = qs.parse('utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%C3%B8', {
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charset: 'iso-8859-1',
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charsetSentinel: true
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});
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assert.deepEqual(detectedAsUtf8, { a: 'ø' });
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// Browsers encode the checkmark as ✓ when submitting as iso-8859-1:
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var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%F8', {
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charset: 'utf-8',
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charsetSentinel: true
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});
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assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: 'ø' });
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```
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If you want to decode the `&#...;` syntax to the actual character,
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you can specify the `interpretNumericEntities` option as well:
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```javascript
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var detectedAsIso8859_1 = qs.parse('a=%26%239786%3B', {
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charset: 'iso-8859-1',
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interpretNumericEntities: true
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});
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assert.deepEqual(detectedAsIso8859_1, { a: '☺' });
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```
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It also works when the charset has been detected in `charsetSentinel`
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mode.
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### Parsing Arrays
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**qs** can also parse arrays using a similar `[]` notation:
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```javascript
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var withArray = qs.parse('a[]=b&a[]=c');
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assert.deepEqual(withArray, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
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```
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You may specify an index as well:
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```javascript
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var withIndexes = qs.parse('a[1]=c&a[0]=b');
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assert.deepEqual(withIndexes, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
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```
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Note that the only difference between an index in an array and a key in an object is that the value between the brackets must be a number
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to create an array. When creating arrays with specific indices, **qs** will compact a sparse array to only the existing values preserving
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their order:
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```javascript
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var noSparse = qs.parse('a[1]=b&a[15]=c');
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assert.deepEqual(noSparse, { a: ['b', 'c'] });
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```
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Note that an empty string is also a value, and will be preserved:
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```javascript
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var withEmptyString = qs.parse('a[]=&a[]=b');
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assert.deepEqual(withEmptyString, { a: ['', 'b'] });
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var withIndexedEmptyString = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[1]=&a[2]=c');
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assert.deepEqual(withIndexedEmptyString, { a: ['b', '', 'c'] });
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```
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**qs** will also limit specifying indices in an array to a maximum index of `20`. Any array members with an index of greater than `20` will
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instead be converted to an object with the index as the key. This is needed to handle cases when someone sent, for example, `a[999999999]` and it will take significant time to iterate over this huge array.
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```javascript
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var withMaxIndex = qs.parse('a[100]=b');
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assert.deepEqual(withMaxIndex, { a: { '100': 'b' } });
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```
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This limit can be overridden by passing an `arrayLimit` option:
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```javascript
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var withArrayLimit = qs.parse('a[1]=b', { arrayLimit: 0 });
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assert.deepEqual(withArrayLimit, { a: { '1': 'b' } });
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```
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To disable array parsing entirely, set `parseArrays` to `false`.
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```javascript
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var noParsingArrays = qs.parse('a[]=b', { parseArrays: false });
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assert.deepEqual(noParsingArrays, { a: { '0': 'b' } });
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```
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If you mix notations, **qs** will merge the two items into an object:
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```javascript
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var mixedNotation = qs.parse('a[0]=b&a[b]=c');
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assert.deepEqual(mixedNotation, { a: { '0': 'b', b: 'c' } });
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```
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You can also create arrays of objects:
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```javascript
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var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a[][b]=c');
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assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: [{ b: 'c' }] });
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```
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Some people use comma to join array, **qs** can parse it:
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```javascript
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var arraysOfObjects = qs.parse('a=b,c', { comma: true })
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assert.deepEqual(arraysOfObjects, { a: ['b', 'c'] })
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```
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(_this cannot convert nested objects, such as `a={b:1},{c:d}`_)
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### Stringifying
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[](#preventEval)
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```javascript
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qs.stringify(object, [options]);
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```
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When stringifying, **qs** by default URI encodes output. Objects are stringified as you would expect:
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```javascript
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b' }), 'a=b');
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }), 'a%5Bb%5D=c');
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```
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This encoding can be disabled by setting the `encode` option to `false`:
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```javascript
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var unencoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encode: false });
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assert.equal(unencoded, 'a[b]=c');
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```
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Encoding can be disabled for keys by setting the `encodeValuesOnly` option to `true`:
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```javascript
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var encodedValues = qs.stringify(
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{ a: 'b', c: ['d', 'e=f'], f: [['g'], ['h']] },
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{ encodeValuesOnly: true }
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);
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assert.equal(encodedValues,'a=b&c[0]=d&c[1]=e%3Df&f[0][0]=g&f[1][0]=h');
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```
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This encoding can also be replaced by a custom encoding method set as `encoder` option:
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```javascript
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var encoded = qs.stringify({ a: { b: 'c' } }, { encoder: function (str) {
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// Passed in values `a`, `b`, `c`
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return // Return encoded string
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}})
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```
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_(Note: the `encoder` option does not apply if `encode` is `false`)_
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Analogue to the `encoder` there is a `decoder` option for `parse` to override decoding of properties and values:
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```javascript
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var decoded = qs.parse('x=z', { decoder: function (str) {
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// Passed in values `x`, `z`
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return // Return decoded string
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}})
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```
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Examples beyond this point will be shown as though the output is not URI encoded for clarity. Please note that the return values in these cases *will* be URI encoded during real usage.
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When arrays are stringified, by default they are given explicit indices:
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```javascript
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qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] });
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// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c&a[2]=d'
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```
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You may override this by setting the `indices` option to `false`:
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```javascript
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qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'] }, { indices: false });
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// 'a=b&a=c&a=d'
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```
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You may use the `arrayFormat` option to specify the format of the output array:
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```javascript
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qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'indices' })
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// 'a[0]=b&a[1]=c'
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qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'brackets' })
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// 'a[]=b&a[]=c'
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qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'repeat' })
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// 'a=b&a=c'
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qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c'] }, { arrayFormat: 'comma' })
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// 'a=b,c'
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```
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When objects are stringified, by default they use bracket notation:
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```javascript
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qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } });
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// 'a[b][c]=d&a[b][e]=f'
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```
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You may override this to use dot notation by setting the `allowDots` option to `true`:
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```javascript
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qs.stringify({ a: { b: { c: 'd', e: 'f' } } }, { allowDots: true });
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// 'a.b.c=d&a.b.e=f'
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```
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Empty strings and null values will omit the value, but the equals sign (=) remains in place:
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```javascript
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: '' }), 'a=');
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```
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Key with no values (such as an empty object or array) will return nothing:
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```javascript
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [] }), '');
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: {} }), '');
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: [{}] }), '');
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: []} }), '');
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: { b: {}} }), '');
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```
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Properties that are set to `undefined` will be omitted entirely:
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```javascript
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: null, b: undefined }), 'a=');
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```
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The query string may optionally be prepended with a question mark:
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```javascript
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { addQueryPrefix: true }), '?a=b&c=d');
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```
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The delimiter may be overridden with stringify as well:
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```javascript
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd' }, { delimiter: ';' }), 'a=b;c=d');
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```
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If you only want to override the serialization of `Date` objects, you can provide a `serializeDate` option:
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```javascript
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var date = new Date(7);
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: date }), 'a=1970-01-01T00:00:00.007Z'.replace(/:/g, '%3A'));
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assert.equal(
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qs.stringify({ a: date }, { serializeDate: function (d) { return d.getTime(); } }),
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'a=7'
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);
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```
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You may use the `sort` option to affect the order of parameter keys:
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```javascript
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function alphabeticalSort(a, b) {
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return a.localeCompare(b);
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}
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assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'c', z: 'y', b : 'f' }, { sort: alphabeticalSort }), 'a=c&b=f&z=y');
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```
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Finally, you can use the `filter` option to restrict which keys will be included in the stringified output.
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If you pass a function, it will be called for each key to obtain the replacement value. Otherwise, if you
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pass an array, it will be used to select properties and array indices for stringification:
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```javascript
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function filterFunc(prefix, value) {
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if (prefix == 'b') {
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// Return an `undefined` value to omit a property.
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return;
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}
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if (prefix == 'e[f]') {
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return value.getTime();
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}
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if (prefix == 'e[g][0]') {
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return value * 2;
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}
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return value;
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}
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qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: { f: new Date(123), g: [2] } }, { filter: filterFunc });
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// 'a=b&c=d&e[f]=123&e[g][0]=4'
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qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: 'd', e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 'e'] });
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// 'a=b&e=f'
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qs.stringify({ a: ['b', 'c', 'd'], e: 'f' }, { filter: ['a', 0, 2] });
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// 'a[0]=b&a[2]=d'
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```
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### Handling of `null` values
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By default, `null` values are treated like empty strings:
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```javascript
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var withNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' });
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assert.equal(withNull, 'a=&b=');
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```
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Parsing does not distinguish between parameters with and without equal signs. Both are converted to empty strings.
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```javascript
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var equalsInsensitive = qs.parse('a&b=');
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assert.deepEqual(equalsInsensitive, { a: '', b: '' });
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```
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To distinguish between `null` values and empty strings use the `strictNullHandling` flag. In the result string the `null`
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values have no `=` sign:
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```javascript
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var strictNull = qs.stringify({ a: null, b: '' }, { strictNullHandling: true });
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assert.equal(strictNull, 'a&b=');
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```
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To parse values without `=` back to `null` use the `strictNullHandling` flag:
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```javascript
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var parsedStrictNull = qs.parse('a&b=', { strictNullHandling: true });
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assert.deepEqual(parsedStrictNull, { a: null, b: '' });
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```
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To completely skip rendering keys with `null` values, use the `skipNulls` flag:
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|
|
```javascript
|
|
var nullsSkipped = qs.stringify({ a: 'b', c: null}, { skipNulls: true });
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assert.equal(nullsSkipped, 'a=b');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
If you're communicating with legacy systems, you can switch to `iso-8859-1`
|
|
using the `charset` option:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
var iso = qs.stringify({ æ: 'æ' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
|
|
assert.equal(iso, '%E6=%E6');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Characters that don't exist in `iso-8859-1` will be converted to numeric
|
|
entities, similar to what browsers do:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
var numeric = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
|
|
assert.equal(numeric, 'a=%26%239786%3B');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
You can use the `charsetSentinel` option to announce the character by
|
|
including an `utf8=✓` parameter with the proper encoding if the checkmark,
|
|
similar to what Ruby on Rails and others do when submitting forms.
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
var sentinel = qs.stringify({ a: '☺' }, { charsetSentinel: true });
|
|
assert.equal(sentinel, 'utf8=%E2%9C%93&a=%E2%98%BA');
|
|
|
|
var isoSentinel = qs.stringify({ a: 'æ' }, { charsetSentinel: true, charset: 'iso-8859-1' });
|
|
assert.equal(isoSentinel, 'utf8=%26%2310003%3B&a=%E6');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Dealing with special character sets
|
|
|
|
By default the encoding and decoding of characters is done in `utf-8`,
|
|
and `iso-8859-1` support is also built in via the `charset` parameter.
|
|
|
|
If you wish to encode querystrings to a different character set (i.e.
|
|
[Shift JIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS)) you can use the
|
|
[`qs-iconv`](https://github.com/martinheidegger/qs-iconv) library:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
var encoder = require('qs-iconv/encoder')('shift_jis');
|
|
var shiftJISEncoded = qs.stringify({ a: 'こんにちは！' }, { encoder: encoder });
|
|
assert.equal(shiftJISEncoded, 'a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
This also works for decoding of query strings:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
var decoder = require('qs-iconv/decoder')('shift_jis');
|
|
var obj = qs.parse('a=%82%B1%82%F1%82%C9%82%BF%82%CD%81I', { decoder: decoder });
|
|
assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'こんにちは！' });
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### RFC 3986 and RFC 1738 space encoding
|
|
|
|
RFC3986 used as default option and encodes ' ' to *%20* which is backward compatible.
|
|
In the same time, output can be stringified as per RFC1738 with ' ' equal to '+'.
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }), 'a=b%20c');
|
|
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC3986' }), 'a=b%20c');
|
|
assert.equal(qs.stringify({ a: 'b c' }, { format : 'RFC1738' }), 'a=b+c');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
[1]: https://npmjs.org/package/qs
|
|
[2]: http://versionbadg.es/ljharb/qs.svg
|
|
[3]: https://api.travis-ci.org/ljharb/qs.svg
|
|
[4]: https://travis-ci.org/ljharb/qs
|
|
[5]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs.svg
|
|
[6]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs
|
|
[7]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs/dev-status.svg
|
|
[8]: https://david-dm.org/ljharb/qs?type=dev
|
|
[9]: https://ci.testling.com/ljharb/qs.png
|
|
[10]: https://ci.testling.com/ljharb/qs
|
|
[11]: https://nodei.co/npm/qs.png?downloads=true&stars=true
|
|
[license-image]: http://img.shields.io/npm/l/qs.svg
|
|
[license-url]: LICENSE
|
|
[downloads-image]: http://img.shields.io/npm/dm/qs.svg
|
|
[downloads-url]: http://npm-stat.com/charts.html?package=qs
|